单元自测题四
Passage One
Today cognitive theorists empirically study the impact of feelings on cognitive processes such as memory and judgment and also the reciprocal influence of cognition on emotion. However, evolutionary theorists view emotion as a powerful source of motivation—an internal communication that something must be done. For example, when people are threatened, they feel fear, which in turn leads them to deal with the threatening situation through either fight or flight. Emotions and drives may also operate in tandem to motivate action, as when excitement accompanies sexual arousal. From an evolutionary perspective, different emotions serve different functions. Fear facilitates flight in the face of danger; disgust prevents ingestion of potentially toxic substances such as rotting meat.
An emotion that is less well understood is jealousy. Why do people become jealous in intimate sexual relationships? One series of studies tested evolutionary hypotheses about differences in the concerns men and women have about their partners’ fidelity. Since females can have only a limited number of children during their lifetimes, to maximize their reproductive success they should be motivated to form relationships with males who have resources and will contribute them to their offspring. Indeed, cross-cultural evidence demonstrates that one of the main mate selection criteria used by females around the world is male resources. From a female’s point of view, then, infidelity accompanied by emotional commitment to the other woman is a major threat to resources. A man unlikely to divert resources from his mate and her offspring to a casual fling, but the risk increases dramatically if he becomes emotionally involved and perhaps considers switching long-term partners. Hence, a woman’s jealousy would be expected to focus on her mate’s emotional commitment to another female.
For males, the situation is different. If a male commits himself to an exclusive relationship with a female, he must be certain that the offspring in whom he is investing are his own. Since he cannot be sure of paternity, the best he can do is prevent his mate from copulating with any other males. In males, then, jealousy would be expected to focus less on the female’s emotional commitment or resources and more on her tendency to give other males sexual access. Indeed, in species ranging from insects to humans, males take extreme measures to prevent other males from inseminating their mates. In humans, male sexual jealousy is the leading cause of homicides and of spouse battering cross-culturally.
1. This passage discusses the approach to human emotions.
A. evolutionary B. cognitive C. psychological D. economic
2. Evolutionary theorists view emotion as all of the following except .
A. cognitive processes B. a source of motivation
C. something promoting action D. serving various functions
3. The idea presented in 2nd paragraph can be best described as .
A. realistic B. materialistic C. ironical D. offspring-oriented
4. According to the evolutionary perspective, women’s jealousy ultimately stems from .
A. concern over their husbands’ reproductive ability
B. fear that their husbands’ resources would be threatened
C. their husbands’ divided attention to them and their offspring
D. their emotional instability resulting from their husbands’ infidelity
5. According to this passage, a man’s jealousy is mainly focused on .
A. a concern over their wives’ resources
B. the fatherhood of the offspring to whom he is investing
C. their mates’ emotional commitment
D. the legitimacy of their marriage
Passage Two
In the sixth century Italy faced a very uncertain future.Although Rome no longer ruled a secular empire,the primacy claimed by its bishops gave Rome a potential position of great importance in the Christian world.Such a possibility,however,was clouded by two factors—the barbarism of the Western provinces and the complex theocracy of the East with its emperors cum sacred rulers.Without the Roman Empire,it would be difficult,indeed,for the Roman church to survive.The Acacian Schism led to an important development in Church history,the formulation by Pope Gelasius I (492-496) of the roles of priests and kings in the government of the Chrisitian world.His central tenet was that the world was ruled by two powers,the sacred authority of the priesthood and the royal power,the responsibilities of the priesthood being the greater because they had kings within their pastoral charge.The problem was further complicated by Justinian’s grand designs for a unified empire.Justinian had not the slightest intention of yielding to the Roman Bishops in matters of religion if it constituted a political inconvenience.By the middle of the sixth century it appeared likely that the Roman Church and its pope would simply become a tool of Byzantine imperial policy.Rome appeared to have been demoted to the status of peripheral center of Catholic Christianity.
Rome was rescued from its potential demise by one of the greatest pontiffs in the history of the Roman Church,Gregory I (the Great).His abilities as a ruler and teacher significantly affected numerous aspects of the Church and its history,as well as many political and social matters in Rome.His land reforms and his administration of estates previously endowed to the Church revitalized church income,relieved famine,and provided money for churches,hospitals,and schools.His influence spread from Rome to the rest of Italy and beyond.One of the most important missions he undertook was the conversion of England in 597.
Undoubtedly the most important of his written works was the Book of Pastoral Care,“a treatise in the episcopal office that reflected the pope’s high idealism in the way of life he laid down for a bishop and his profound understanding of ordinary human nature in the advice he gave on the care of the bishop’s flock.”As a result of his efforts,Rome regained its position of primacy among the Western Christian churches.Despite the long瞝asting results of Gregory’s actions,he did not consider himself that he was building for the future.He believed that the Second Coming was near.He merely did what he thought had to be done in what little time remained.Unintentionally he built a base for an enduring Church and a dominant papacy of wealth and great prestige.
6.Why Rome was given a potential position of great importance?
A.Because people were uncivilized and the theocracy played an important part.
B.Because of the barbarism of the Western provinces.
C.Because of the complex theocracy of the East.
D.Because of the barbarism of the East provinces and the complex theocracy of the West.
7.Which of the statement is not right?
A.The Acacian Schism had a great effect on the development in church history.
B.The central tenet of Christian was that the world was ruled by two power.
C.Without the Rome Empire,it would be difficult for the Rome Church to survive.
D.By the Middle of the sixth century,Roman church become a tool of Byzantine imperial policy.
8.Which of the following works was not made by Gregory I?
A.Land reform.
B.He endowed money to the church.
C.Conversion of England.
D.Relieved famine.
9.What the“Second Coming”in the last paragraph mean?
A.The future. B.A revolution.
C.Now. D.Another challenge to the Rome.
10.What’s the main idea of this text?
A.The importance of two person.
B.The book of pastoral care.
C.The development of Roman church.
D.The history of Roman.
Passage Three
On June 12, 1994, the former American football hero O.J. Simpson’s wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her current boy friend Ronald Goldman’s dead bodies were found lying in a pool of blood, right outside of Ms. Simpson’s condominium. Both victims were brutally stabbed to death, but there were no witnesses.
Five days after the murders, Los Angeles Police charged Simpson with the deaths, citing a trail of evidence they said linked him to the crime scene, including a bloody glove found outside the condominium that allegedly matched one found at Simpson’s estate. Simpson’s high-powered defense team argued that the evidence was fabricated by police and that their client was on route to a golf outing in Chicago when the crimes were committed. O.J. Simpson was acquitted of murdering Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman in October 1995, after a lengthy and costly criminal trial. After four hours of deliberation, the jury found Simpson not guilty—but the case was far from over.
The families of the victims filed law suits against Simpson, accusing him of liability in the deaths. Now at stake was Simpson’s money, not his freedom. The plaintiffs contended that Simpson was responsible for the deaths and, therefore, he owed them punitive damages to compensate them for their losses.
Plaintiffs’ attorney Daniel Petrocelli portrayed Simpson as an egomaniac obsessed with his ex-wife, who routinely beat her. When he was unable to keep her from ending their relationship, he brutally killed her. Simpson’s defense attorneys angrily rebutted those charges. Defense attorney Robert Baker accused plaintiffs of “character assassination,” and defense lawyer Robert Blasier described the evidence against their client as “garbage.”
The standard of proof in the civil trial was lower. Jurors were asked to make their decisions based on a “preponderance of evidence,” and only nine of the 12 jurors needed to agree for a verdict to be reached. That meant they could return a decision in favor of the plaintiffs if they determined there was more than a 50 percent probability that Simpson was responsible for the killings.
In the murder trial, the state had to prove Simpson committed the murders “beyond a reasonable doubt,” meaning that all 12 jurors had to agree that Simpson committed the crimes in order to convict him.
Unlike the criminal trial, the civil trial was not televised. In addition, Superior Court Judge Hiroshi Fujisaki banned still photographers and ordered lawyers and witnesses not to discuss the case with the media. Criminal-trial Judge Lance Ito was accused by many observers of allowing his courtroom to become a media circus.
11. Of all the statements about the murder of Nicole Simpson and Ronald Goldman, all of the followings are true except .
A. it took place on June 12, 1994
B. there were no witnesses
C. the victims were shot to death
D. O. J. Simpson was the prime suspect
12. It can be concluded from the passage that the O. J. Simpson trial .
A. took a very long time B. cost a lot of money
C. was very complicated D. all of the above
13. O. J. Simpson’s acquittal was based on .
A. abundance of exonerating evidence
B. the “dream team” of his lawyers
C. the bribery of his jurors on criminal court
D. sympathy of the judge
14. On the civil trial, the 12 jurors can reach a verdict against O. J. Simpson if there is more than a probability that he was responsible for the murders.
A. 50% B. 60% C. 80% D. 90%
15. It can be inferred from this report that .
A. the criminal trial received a lot of media coverage
B. the civil trial was even more complicated than the criminal trial
C. O. J. Simpson can well afford the civil compensations
D. there was more media coverage of the civil trial than that of the criminal trial
Passage Four
In some societies there are voluntary associations whose membership is secret. Some American Indian tribes, including the Hopi, Kwakiutl, and Iroquois, have had such societies; they are also important in West Africa and the Congo. Sometimes, as among the Hopi, the Iroquois, and the Mende of Sierra Leone, secret societies are associated with the curing of particular ailments. Sometimes they have political functions. African secret societies help to maintain social order, backed by strong religious sanctions. Since secret societies sometimes perform in public dances or rituals, it is not surprising that many have developed the use of masks or other forms of disguise, like the Ku Klux Klan.
Among the Mende of Sierra Leone, secret societies play roles in the education of the young, regulation of sexual conduct, supervision of political and economic affairs, and the operation of various social services, including medical treatment, entertainment, and recreation. In the Poro society, boys undergo a long initiation which involves both ordeals and instruction. They learn some things about native law, crafts, agricultural techniques, drumming and singing, bridge building, and the setting of traps. There is a parallel society for girls, who receive training in housework and childcare and are given sex instruction. The Humoi society is concerned with the regulation of sexual conduct. The Mende have many taboos concerning sex, and there are many relatives with whom sexual intercourse is forbidden; it is believed that transgression of such rules results in sickness. A person must be treated by the society concerned with the taboos he has broken; so those who violate sexual regulations report to the Humoi society. Illness may also be explained as due to a person’s having entered part of the bush where secret society meetings have been held. Confession to the society is required, followed by medical treatment and purification. Those who have been so treated become members of the secret society, since they have learned something about the society’s operations in the process. The Poro society has important political functions. No one can hold office among the Mende without being a Poro member; no chief can be appointed without its approval. The Poro society also has economic functions in fixing prices for certain commodities and regulating trade.
Secret societies have sometimes played political and economic roles in the Western world as well-witness the Ku Klux Klan and the Mafia. Researchers have not done much work on secret societies, but that is understandable, for if any researcher can learn the secrets of such a society, it’s not a very secret society.
16. Which of the following is a name of a secret society?
A. Mende B. Sierra feone C. Hopi D. Ku klux klan
17. Among the Mende of Sierra Leone plays all the following roles except .
A. education of the young
B. curing of certain illnesses
C. regulating sexual conduct
D. maintaining diplomatic relations
18. In which of the following societies is there a girl’s society which offers training in housework?
A. the Poro B. the Iroquois C. the Humoi D. the Hopi
19. Among the Mende, those who violate the regulations on sexual conduct must report to .
A. the Poro B. the Iroquois C. the Humoi D. the Hopi
20. The Ku Klux Klan and the Mafia are cited in the passage as examples of .
A. American secret societies
B. secret societies that use some forms of disguise
C. secret societies that influence the political and economic life
D. secret societies that have not received adequate attention of researchers
单元自测模拟题参考答案及解析
单元自测题四
Passage One
1. 答案是A. evolutionary
解析：文章开头介绍的是“认知派”的心理学家的主要研究对象：记忆，判断，以及认知和感情的相互作用。但是作者用转折词however引出另一个流派：“进化论派”的观点。而且整篇文章都是围绕着该学派的观点展开，讨论人类忌妒心的由来。因此，作者介绍的主要是研究人情感的evolutionary approach，而不是开头仅起到引出文章作用的cognitive approach。
2. 答案是A. cognitive processes
解析：文章第一段介绍，进化论派的学者认为，“感情”可以激发欲望，并进一步促使人们做出某些行动（例如当人们受到威胁时，会感到恐惧，并因此逃跑，或者反抗；或者激动的时候容易产生性冲动等，（However, evolutionary theorists view emotion as a powerful source of motivation-an internal communication that something must be done. For example, when people are threatened, they feel fear, which in turn leads them to deal with the threatening situation through either fight or flight. Emotions and drives may also operate in tandem to motivate action, as when excitement accompanies sexual arousal.）， 同时具有某些实际的功能。 例如，遇到危险，恐惧会促使人逃跑。看到腐烂的肉会让人厌恶，从而防止食物中毒。（From an evolutionary perspective, different emotions serve different functions. Fear facilitates flight in the face of danger; disgust prevents ingestion of potentially toxic substances such as rotting meat.）
3. 答案是D. offspring瞣riented
解析：答案在文章第二段中：(Indeed, cross-cultural evidence demonstrates that one of the main mate selection criteria used by females around the world is male resources.)在各个文化中开展的研究结果表明，女人选择配偶的时候一个主要的标准就是财富。而财富的用途是为了确保后代的生活，因而这类分析可以说是以后代为中心。
4. 答案是B. fear that their husbands’ resources would be threatened
解析：答案在第二段中。女人的嫉妒主要源于对丈夫资源的独占心理。进化论派的学者认为，女人一生只能生育有限的子女，因此为了让子女能最大限度地获取资源，便要求丈夫绝对忠诚，不能对妻子以外的女人有感情投入。（One series of studies tested evolutionary hypotheses about differences in the concerns men and women have about their partners’ fidelity. Since females can have only a limited number of children during their lifetimes, to maximize their reproductive success they should be motivated to form relationships with males who have resources and will contribute them to their offspring.）
5. 答案是B. the fatherhood of the offspring to whom he is investing
解析：根据文章最后一段的内容，从进化论的角度来看，男人嫉妒的根源是自己到底是不是子女的生父，因为替别人抚养子女得不偿失。（For males, the situation is different. If a male commits himself to an exclusive relationship with a female, he must be certain that the offspring in whom he is investing are his own.）因此，根据文章的内容，男人嫉妒的产生，主要是因为为了确保自己是孩子的生父。
注释Notes
cognitive adj. 认知的，有感知的
empirically adv. 实证地，以经验为主地
reciprocal adj. 互惠的，相互的，彼此相反的
in tandem (副词词组) 一前一后地
facilitate v. 使容易，使便利，推动，帮助
toxic adj. 有毒性的
fidelity n. 忠诚
reproductive adj. 繁衍的，生殖的
divert v. 使转移, 使改道, 使转向
fling n. 投掷, 急冲, (本文)短暂的, 不负责任的性关系
paternity n. 父权, 父子关系
copulate v. 交配
inseminate v. 使……受精
homicide n. 杀人
spouse battering 殴打配偶
Passage Two
6.答案是A.
解析：B项和C项都不全面，各说了原因的一半，而D项的West和East之间颠倒了，是一个迷惑选项。从第一段可以读出两点原因，也就是A项的描述。
7.答案是B.
解析：很明显，在文中是Pope Gelasius I’s central tenet,而非基督教的核心教义。
8.答案是B.
解析：A、C、D三项均可以从第二段中找出关键的词语，但B项的money没有，文中说的是捐赠财产，并没有说捐赠金钱。
9.答案是D.
解析：可以推出 Second Coming 是继 First Coming 之后的，那么什么是 First Coming 呢?从文中可以看出是对罗马、对宗教、对教堂的一个挑战，所以Second Coming 将会是另一个。
10.答案是C.
解析：A、B两项都涵盖不了整篇文章，而D项又显得太大、太广了，只有C项切合题意，所以选C。
注释Notes
primacy首位，大主教的职位
bishop主教
barbarism野蛮，蛮行
theocracy神权政治
tenet教条，主义
sacred宗教上的，神圣不可侵犯的
pastoral牧师的
pontiff主教，教皇，大祭司
revitalize使新生，使恢复原气
treatise论文，论述
profound极深的
catholic天主教，天主教徒
peripheral周围的，外部的
endow捐赠，赋予
famine饥荒
episcopal主教的
prestige声望，威望
christianity基督教，基督教徒Passage Three
11. 答案是C. the victims were shot to death.
解析：文章介绍受害者是被刺死的。
12. 答案是D. all of the above
解析：从文章内容可以推断出，这起官司花了很长时间，耗费了无数金钱，也十分复杂。因此A、B、C都对。
13. 答案是B. the “dream team” of his lawyers
解析：文章把Simpson 重金聘用的律师团称为“high-powered defense team”。他们声称警方的证据是伪造的，并声称Simpson在案发时不在现场，而是在去芝加哥的路上。因为他们的辩护，Simpson历经一场漫长的官司大战，也花了无数的律师费，终于在1995年10月被宣布无罪。（Simpson’s high-powered defense team argued that the evidence was fabricated by police and that their client was on route to a golf outing in Chicago when the crimes were committed. O.J. Simpson was acquitted of murdering Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman in October 1995, after a lengthy and costly criminal trial.）
14. 答案是A. 50%
解析：答案见原文The standard of proof in the civil trial was lower. Jurors were asked to make their decisions based on a “preponderance of evidence,” and only nine of the 12 jurors needed to agree for a verdict to be reached. That meant they could return a decision in favor of the plaintiffs if they determined there was more than a 50 percent probability that Simpson was responsible for the killings. 民事审判的标准低于刑事审判。12个陪审员中，只要9票通过就可以定罪。也就是说只要他们认为有50%以上的可能性Simpson是杀人凶手，就可以通过受害人家属对他民事赔偿的请求。
15. 答案是A. the criminal trial received a lot of media coverage.
解析：文章最后一段介绍，该案件的民事诉讼不允许电视转播。法官Hiroshi Fujisaki甚至不允许照相，也不许律师和证人向新闻界的人透露关于本案的情况。（Unlike the criminal trial, the civil trial was not televised. In addition, Superior Court Judge Hiroshi Fujisaki banned still photographers and ordered lawyers and witnesses not to discuss the case with the media.）主要原因是，审理此案的刑事法庭法官遭到非议，因为他的默许，法庭成了乱哄哄的媒体的天下。（ Criminal-trial Judge Lance Ito was accused by many observers of allowing his courtroom to become a media circus.）
注释Notes
stab v. 刺, 戳
condominium n. （较大型的）私人住宅
allegedly adv. 依其申诉
fabricate v. 伪造
on route to 在去……的路上
acquit v. 宣布无罪
deliberation n. 协议
liability n. 责任，债务
at stake 在危急关头
punitive adj. 惩罚性的
plaintiff n. 原告
egomaniac n. 自大狂，自私自利的人
brutally adv. 残忍地
rebut v. 驳斥
assassination n. 暗杀
preponderance n. 重量的优势
verdict n. 判决
circus n. 马戏团；（本文中引申指）乱哄哄的局面Passage Four
16. 答案是D. Ku klux klan
解析：A、C都是印第安部落名；B是国名；D才是秘党组织名称3K党。
17. 答案是D. maintaining diplomatic relations
解析：第一段介绍，秘密组织一般和治疗某些疾病联系在一起。例如Hopi, Iroquois, 和塞拉立昂的Mende 。（Sometimes, as among the Hopi, the Iroquois, and the Mende of Sierra Leone, secret societies are associated with the curing of particular ailments.）第二段还介绍说，在一些社会中，秘密组织承担重要的社会责任，例如教育年轻人，规范性行为，监督政治和经济生活，还有承办各种活动，例如治疗病人，提供娱乐和消遣。（secret societies play roles in the education of the young, regulation of sexual conduct, supervision of political and economic affairs, and the operation of various social services, including medical treatment, entertainment, and recreation.）其中没有提到维护外交关系这一项。
18. 答案是A. the Poro
解析：第二段介绍说，Poro组织给男孩子进行培训，让他们受“磨难似的教育，”同时学习到法律，工艺，耕种，敲鼓，歌唱，以及建桥，设套等技能。此外还有一个女孩的组织，她们受到一定的家政训练，并学习有关性的知识。（In the Poro society, boys undergo a long initiation which involves both ordeals and instruction. They learn some things about native law, crafts, agricultural techniques, drumming and singing, bridge building, and the setting of traps. There is a parallel society for girls, who receive training in housework and childcare and are given sex instruction.）
19. 答案是C. the Humoi
解析：第二段介绍说，Mende人在两性关系方面有很多清规戒律， 如果有人违反了这些规矩，就必须向Humoi society交代。（A person must be treated by the society concerned with the taboos he has broken; so those who violate sexual regulations report to the Humoi society.）
20. 答案是C. secret societies that influence the political and economic life
解析：文章最后一段提到了三K党和黑手党，作者举它们的例子是为了说明，一些秘密组织对社会的经济和政治会施加很大的影响。（Secret societies have sometimes played political and economic roles in the Western world as well-witness the Ku Klux Klan and the Mafia.）而不是研究人员对它们的研究还不够。
注释Notes
voluntary adj. 自愿的ailment n. （书面语）疾病
sanction n. （本文）处罚，约束力
supervision n. 监督
recreation n. 娱乐，消遣
initiation n. 开始，启蒙，入会
ordeal n. 严酷的考验，痛苦的经验
sexual intercourse 性关系
transgression n. 违反，犯罪
confession n. 自认，自白，招供
purification n. (purify的名词)纯化，净化
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